In August 2021, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) published its Sixth Assessment Report which stated that major climate disruption is “widespread, rapid and intensifying”. This was described by the UN secretary general as “a code red for humanity”.

One week later, the Environmental Protection Agency, Met Éireann and the Marine Institute published “The Status of Ireland’s Climate”. The report gave robust evidence that global climate change means Ireland will continue to get warmer and wetter.

Despite this, in June 2022, the EPA published “Ireland's Greenhouse Gas Emissions Projections 2021-2040”. This report concluded that Ireland is falling behind and risks not achieving its climate targets. It states that “urgent implementation of all climate plans and policies are needed for Ireland to meet the 51 per cent emissions reduction target and put Ireland on track for climate neutrality by 2050”.

It is clear that we must act now to stop the climate crisis or our planet will suffer irreversible damage. Wind energy is certainly not the only answer: we will need a range of renewable energy technologies working together alongside projects such as the proposed Knockshanvo Wind Farm. However, due to Ireland’s exceptional wind conditions, onshore wind energy is the most cost-effective way to quickly cut our carbon emissions and ensure a secure supply of energy for our homes, farms, businesses and communities.

In response to UN accords such as the Paris Agreement, and EU targets and legislation, the Irish Government aims to generate up to 80% of electricity from renewable sources by 2030 and ultimately to have a carbon neutral economy by 2050. This, combined with expected increases in demand for electricity, mean that we need to build twice as much renewable energy in the next 10 years as we did in the last two decades.

The Climate Action Plan 2023 suggests that up to 9GW of onshore wind will be required to support the electricity system emissions targets, an increase from approximately 4.3GW today. In addition, the offshore sector needs to target 7GW offshore wind and there needs to be 2GW of green hydrogen gas production from renewables for Ireland to hit the critical 2030 generation requirements. In summary, it is not a question of whether Ireland needs onshore or offshore wind energy; both are required.

For onshore wind, delivering this target will be made easier by deploying the latest turbine technology with larger rotors, each producing much more renewable energy and at lower cost to consumers. This will allow the onshore wind energy target to be reached with fewer sites / fewer turbines.

In addition to the climate crisis, there is now a European and national energy security and cost crisis. Since the Russian invasion of Ukraine in March 2022, gas prices in Europe have risen at an alarming rate (see Fig. 1, below). At the time of writing, gas is selling for 15-20 times historic normal levels. The Commission for Regulation of Utilities is warning that this trend is likely to continue for the foreseeable future. Ireland imports most of its gas requirements and is therefore extremely vulnerable to global gas price volatility. This reliance on expensive imported energy, and gas in particular, is having an unprecedented inflationary effect across our economy.

A central pillar of national and EU strategy is to ramp up our domestic renewable energy capacity, which will protect our economies and energy security within the bloc. FuturEnergy Ireland wants to support the Government and the people of Ireland by developing low-cost renewable energy projects to help reduce both our reliance on fossil fuel imports and our economies exposure to geopolitical events.  Accelerated deployment of renewable energy technologies will help reduce energy costs and improve energy security in Ireland.

The precise mechanisms by which renewable energy helps reduce costs are complex to explain but we would be happy to organise a specific webinar on this topic if this is of interest to the local community or community groups and political representatives.

Figure 1.  Wholesale gas prices for the last 2 years to Aug ’22 indicating that gas prices have risen from historic norms of approx. £0.30 - £0.40 per therm to their levels in Aug ’22 of £6.40 per therm.

FuturEnergy Ireland commits to a transparent dialogue process between those most involved to share all relevant information and develop wind projects that benefit local communities. This is done primarily through dedicated Community Liaison Officers (CLOs) who will routinely call door to door (Covid-19 restrictions permitting) and deliver leaflets, newsletters and more detailed brochures with progress updates. This project website also contains the latest news and information.

We welcome your input and feedback –your CLOs for this project, Kevin Donnellan and Christy O'Dea, are available by phone, via email or you can arrange a meeting with them. If you choose to make contact by phone and the number is not answered, be sure to leave a voicemail with your contact details and the CLO will call you back at a time that suits you best.

FuturEnergy Ireland’s approach to community engagement typically involves informal and highly interactive Community Engagement Clinics. These usually take place once the design has advanced and are held in a local hotel or community hall. At each session, there are information stands on specific topics such as visuals, noise and recreation with relevant experts available to respond to questions. This ensures one-to-one attention and answers to individual queries.

When these sessions were unable to run due to Covid-19 restrictions, we created Virtual Exhibitions on project websites and webinars that are easy to navigate and offer all the same information and the opportunity to get any queries answered. Given the success of Virtual Exhibitions and webinars during the Covid-19 pandemic, we will continue to use them as part of our future engagement processes.

There are two planning paths depending on the size of a wind farm project. If the wind farm will generate under 50 MW of electricity, we submit a planning application to the local county council. If the project is over 50 MW (the number of turbines will depend on the technology selection) it is deemed a Strategic Infrastructure Development (SID), which means we are obliged to apply directly to An Bord Pleanála. The local county council is still consulted as part of this process. It is likely that the proposed Knockshanvo Wind Farm will be deemed SID due to its potential electricity output.

All our planning applications are open for public review and comment. A pre-planning advert is placed in the local newspaper and notifications will be uploaded on to the dedicated project website. We also place site notices around the project area and inform everyone who has been in touch with the project team during the community engagement process.

When we apply for planning, a full Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) report and planning details will be published either on the dedicated project website or on a separate planning website for An Bord Pleanála applications.

If you wish to make a submission, comment or lodge an objection, you can do so on the planning authority’s website. The period in which to do this is five weeks for a county council and seven weeks for An Bord Pleanála. Each authority has a different fee for processing a submission, comment or objection.

If you would like to be notified when a planning application is going to be submitted, please contact your local Community Liaison Officers and they will be sure to let you know.

The tip height currently proposed is approximately 185 m with a rotor diameter of approximately 163m. However, the project team are in the process of detailed site assessments which inform this turbine envelope and it may be subject to change.

A wind turbine generates two kinds of noise: aerodynamic noise created when the turbine blades pass through the air; and a mechanical noise caused by the generator in the turbine’s nacelle (the large box at the top of the turbine behind the rotors). Every effort is made by FuturEnergy Ireland as the developer, and by turbine manufacturers, to minimise the amount of noise a wind farm generates, and at all times to operate within noise limits prescribed by the relevant authorities.

When planning a wind farm, extensive studies are carried out to identify the best location for each individual turbine to ensure any potential disruption for local residents is eliminated or kept to an absolute minimum. In general, Ireland’s Wind Energy Guidelines specify noise limits at neighbouring properties that are set between 35 and 45 dB(A) depending on the time of day and the level of background noise. To put this in context, your kitchen fridge typically generates a sound level of around 40-43 decibels.

While the existing 2006 Wind Energy Guidelines state that “in general, noise is unlikely to be a significant problem where the distance from the nearest turbine to any noise sensitive property is more than 500 metres”, FuturEnergy Ireland has committed to operating well above this benchmark. We have adopted a minimum setback standard of at least 750 metres from neighbouring properties to try to remove the risk of any potential noise nuisance. This is helped by the nature of the Coillte estate, which acts as an important starting point for the vast majority of our early stage screening initiatives.

In December 2019, the Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government published Draft Revised Wind Energy Development Guidelines that proposed much stricter limits for noise detectable at dwellings adjacent to wind energy developments. A public consultation commenced and the Government is expected to publish revised Wind Energy Development Guidelines once this process has concluded. This is included as a key target in the current Programme for Government.

If you would like to know more about the levels of noise generated by wind turbines, we are happy to arrange a visit to one of our operating wind farms and / or to talk with an acoustics specialist.

Please cross-refer also to the question on this FAQ list relating to health matters.

Without appropriate control systems, shadow flicker can occur at certain times of the day, typically when the sun is low in the sky. At these times, the movement of blades can periodically cast momentary shadows through the windows of a home that cause the light to appear to flicker.

Modern turbine technology allows for constant monitoring of the conditions that cause shadow flicker to occur and can therefore control the operation of the turbine to reduce or eliminate any impact. The 2019 Draft Revised Wind Energy Development Guidelines propose that future projects should be conditioned to prohibit any shadow flicker from occurring.

In practice, if the turbine blades are spinning quite rapidly, it can take one or two minutes for the wind turbine control system to safely shut it down but it is certainly possible to reduce any shadow flicker to negligible levels.

At FuturEnergy Ireland, we are committed to ensuring that we operate our wind farms and carry out our work to the highest possible health and safety standards. We are conscious that in recent years opponents of renewable energy have portrayed wind turbines as a risk to public health, citing low frequency noise and infrasound, despite there being no credible evidence to support such claims.

Infrasound receives a lot of media attention, in particular on social media platforms. In relation to wind turbines, it is important to note that infrasound is best described as sound that occurs at a frequency (pitch) that is too low to be audible to the human ear at typical sound pressure levels. Infrasound is all around us all the time and it can be measured.

In November 2016 the State Office for the Environment, Measurement and Nature Conservation of the Federal State of Baden-Württemberg, Germany, published a report on infrasound levels generated by wind turbines, traffic and household appliances. Researchers measured infrasound levels at distances of between 150 metres and 700 metres from six individual wind turbines when the turbines were switched on and when they were switched off. The infrasound levels they detected at a distance from the turbine of between 650 metres and 700 metres were the same whether the turbine was on or not. Among their conclusions they found:

• The levels of infrasound from road traffic are significantly higher than close to wind turbines;
• The highest level of infrasound recorded in the project was inside a car travelling at 130km/h;
• Infrasound generated by washing machines, heating systems in residential buildings and fridges were comparable to that of a wind farm. In fact, during the spin cycle, the washing machine generated more infrasound than any of the wind turbines even at distances of 150 metres; and
• Infrasound levels from sea surf were generally higher than that from wind turbines at a distance of 25 metres and comparable at a distance of 250 metres.

This has since been further corroborated by a study from Finland published in June 2020. The Finnish research team found no evidence that infrasound nor low-frequency sound caused any adverse impacts on humans. The study also found that infrasound levels in rural areas with wind power parks were about the same as levels in a regular urban environment. The researchers measured infrasound levels from 17 wind turbines in two wind farms over more than 300 days in what is believed to be the most long-term study of infrasound ever carried out.

In 2018, the World Health Organisation assessed the environmental noise guidelines for a range of noise sources including traffic, aircraft, trains, leisure activities and wind turbines. This report stated that evidence of any negative health impacts due to wind turbine noise was either absent or of low / very low quality. It also noted that “effects related to attitudes towards wind turbines are hard to discern from those related to noise and may be partly responsible for the associations (Knopper & Ollson, 2011)”.

In addition, the HSE published a report in 2017 entitled “Position Paper on Wind Turbines and Public Health”. This report states: “There is no direct evidence that exposure to wind farm noise affects physical or mental health.”

There is also no credible evidence from scientific research that there is any link between wind turbines and people nearby developing autism spectrum disorders or having existing symptoms of an autism spectrum disorder made worse. When asked to contribute to research on this subject in 2016, the British National Autism Society stated: “There is no evidence whatsoever that visibility or noise from wind turbines causes autistic spectrum disorders in previously undiagnosed individuals, or that visibility or noise from wind turbines exacerbates the symptoms of autistic spectrum disorders in most people already diagnosed with the condition.”

In summary, to date there are no credible studies that provide evidence of any direct adverse effects on the general health of residents in the vicinity of wind farms (see below for a cross-section of research links). It is important to remember that anything which creates stress and anxiety can affect our physical and mental health. This is why we strive to give as much information as possible to alleviate concerns and provide reassurance about our projects.

Appendix 1: Health study references

Environmental Noise Guidelines for the European Region. World Health Organisation, 2018, pages 77-78.

Position Paper on Wind Turbines and Public Health. HSE Public Health Medicine Environment and Health Group, Feb 2017.

Low Frequency Noise Including Infrasound from Wind Turbines and Other Sources. the State Office for the Environment, Measurement and Nature Conservation of the Federal State of Baden-Württemberg, Nov 2016.

Health effects of wind turbines on humans in residential settings. Alice Freiberg, Christiane Schefter, Maria Girbg, Vanise C Murta, Andreas Seidler. Environmental Research, Vol 169, Feb 2019.

The Potential Health Impact of Wind Turbines. Chief Medical Officer of Ontario report, May 2010.

Evidence on Wind Farms and Human Health. National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia. February 2015.

Common Concerns About Wind Power. Centre for Sustainable Energy, June 2017.

Infrasound does not explain symptoms related to wind turbines. Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT), June 2020.

For most of us, the purchase of our family home is the single, largest financial investment we will make in our lives. It is understandable that property owners, on hearing that a wind farm is to be developed in their community, may have concerns about its possible impact on the resale ability or value of their home.

The price attached to land or a property at any given time depends on many variables, for example:

• The age, condition, and location of a property;
• Its intended use or purpose;
• The attractiveness of a location, including the availability of services, access to local amenities and other features a property may have such as energy efficiency, landscaping, security and so on;
• The general supply of land and property and the demand for such in an area from the pool of willing sellers and buyers; and
• The general market cycle of the economy.

For any proposed infrastructure development, consideration is given to the benefits it can bring to that area. In the case of a proposed wind farm development such as Knockshanvo Wind Farm, there can be opportunities for recreation and biodiversity improvements and enhancements, Community Benefit Scheme funding (to improve the energy efficiency status of local housing stock, for example) and Near Neighbour payment contributions.

Based on our assessments, we have not identified any peer-reviewed evidence in Ireland that indicates wind farms lower or impact property prices. In other parts of the world, the vast majority of studies indicate that there is no evidence to support the claim that a wind farm has a negative impact on local property prices.

Much of the research data emphasises the specific context of an individual wind farm, which makes engaging with local communities all the more important. The specific location, the quality of the community engagement programme and the level of net community gain in the form of a benefit fund and/or near neighbour scheme have been cited as important considerations.

Our community liaison teams explore with the community the appetite for recreation facilities along with other local projects, which helps to increase community gain. This is evident at Mountlucas Wind Farm, Sliabh Bawn Wind Farm and Galway Wind Park among others.

We are committed to developing a Community Benefit Fund proposal, including a Near Neighbour Scheme, along with the potential for a Recreation and Biodiversity Plan to co-exist within the proposed Knockshanvo development. The project team welcomes any input from members of the local community to help advance these proposals.

The Knockshanvo project intends to participate in the Government’s Renewable Energy Support Scheme (RESS).

One of the key features of RESS is that all successful project applicants are required to set up a Community Benefit Fund that focuses on sharing the economic benefits of a wind farm with the local community. The scheme also puts the local community at the heart of decision-making. They will decide their own priorities and where they want to see the funding invested.

The exact fund amount differs from project to project, but it will be a significant financial package that benefits a host community for many years. The calculation of the total fund for any one project depends on the number of turbines and the total production of electricity in any given year. If Knockshanvo Wind Farm is consented and constructed based on the current draft design, the project has the potential to generate approximately 135,000 MWh of green electricity per year based on the requirements under the government RESS scheme. This means that the project could contribute a minimum €270,000 annually to the Community Benefit Fund for the first 15 years of operation. In addition, for the remaining lifetime of the wind farm, FuturEnergy Ireland commits to contributing around €135,000 per year. Therefore, over the expected 30-year lifetime of the wind farm, the Community Benefit Fund will be in the order of €6 million.

According to the Department of Environment, Climate & Communication, the goal is to support local projects in the areas of energy efficiency, climate change initiatives, environmental stability and near-neighbour payments. There is also funding available for community and sports-themed activities in recreation, health and wellbeing, culture, heritage and tourism.

One particular focus is to support local initiatives that align with the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Examples of these types of projects include home and community hall retrofits, pollinator farms, cycling paths, educational materials and scholarships.

In July 2021, the Department of Environment, Climate and Communication published the “Good Practice Principles Handbook for Community Benefit Funds”, which sets out how the funds should be operated and administered.

If you are interested in being involved in the Fund Committee please provide your expression of interest and contact information to our CLOs. Should the project receive planning consent and proceed into construction, work to establish the committee will commence.

Enabling better and broader opportunities to invest in wind farm infrastructure is a focus area for the wind industry and the Department of Environment, Climate & Communication. This principle featured in the initial design of the RESS1 scheme in 2019/20 and in the initial consultation regarding RESS2, conducted in summer 2021.

A number of policy measures are required to enable such a step, including how investments could be sized and priced, correctly offered and marketed to the public, and administered during the project life cycle.

We are committed to being a leader in the onshore wind sector, and therefore we will look to assume a leadership position in facilitating investment opportunities for the public in our projects when the Government has put in place the policies and regulations that enable this to happen.

As part of FuturEnergy Ireland wind farm developments, including Knockshanvo, there is an opportunity to explore the potential for an on-site recreation amenity. Sliabh Bawn Wind Farm in Co. Roscommon, which attracted more than 30,000 visitors in 2021,  is a good example of how a rural upland location can become a popular recreational area with all the community benefits that brings. More than 28km of waymarked walking and biking trails run through the site, which lead to archaeological points of interest. There is also a children’s playground, picnic areas, a viewing point, outdoor fitness equipment and parking all on site.

As we work through the process, we would welcome community input and encourage you to share any ideas you may have with the project team.

The Environmental Impact Assessment Report (EIAR) will be produced by a team of experienced and competent experts. The detailed assessment will adhere to the latest guidance and legislative requirements.

For each of the EIAR chapters, a robust and detailed assessment will be carried out which will be based on a set of field and desk study data. An example of the type of topics covered are as follows:

Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Project Description
Chapter 3 Alternative Considered
Chapter 4 Population and Human Health
Chapter 5 Terrestrial Ecology
Chapter 6 Aquatic Ecology
Chapter 7 Ornithology
Chapter 8 Hydrology and Water Quality
Chapter 9 Soil and Geology
Chapter 10 Air and Climate
Chapter 11 Noise and Vibration
Chapter 12 Landscape and Visual Amenity
Chapter 13 Material Assets
Chapter 14 Cultural Heritage
Chapter 15 Traffic and Transportation
Chapter 16 Major Accidents & Natural Disasters

Note that the full EIAR will become available to download from the project’s dedicated planning website once the final planning application has been submitted.

In the interim, progress updates on the assessment will be shared in newsletters, and at the project’s information webinar and community clinic.

Wind farms are generally constructed at ground level (or close to ground level) and above the groundwater table. Turbines for the Knockshanvo project are also located a minimum of 750m from houses at varying elevations across the site. Due to this separation distance there are streams and/or other hydraulic barriers (valleys) between these turbines and houses, therefore where there are wells at houses they are hydraulically separated from turbine sites. As part of the design phase and detailed site investigation work for a wind farm, water samples are taken to test the quality and flow of water on site. This ensures that there is a good understanding of the site’s hydrology at a very early stage. Any potential impacts to water quality or flow are identified early in the process and measures to minimise and eliminate these are identified.  However, in the unlikely event that there were any impacts on water quality as a result of construction work, quick action would be taken to address it, including stopping works until the issue was resolved.

The guidelines published in 2019 have not yet been finalised due to significant issues raised during the consultation phase. In particular, a group of expert noise consultants representing both wind farm developers and wind farm opposition groups advised the Department of Housing and Local Government (DHLG) that the document contained “technical errors, ambiguities and inconsistencies”. They flagged the following as critical areas that required further consideration:

• • Baseline noise assessment;
  • Consideration of World Health Organisation guidelines;
  • Application of noise limits;
  • Cumulative assessment;
  • Planning conditions and the way these should account for cumulative effects;
  • Corrections to account for noise character; and
  • Compliance monitoring.

FuturEnergy Ireland shares this view and would go further and say that certain interpretations of these guidelines would have the potential to result in inappropriately high limits being applied. In other words, they would actually cause excessive noise at certain wind speeds and certain times of the day. The extent of the issues identified is such as to render them practically unimplementable. It is important to note that no wind farm developer wants to create genuine noise issues for project near neighbours and as such it is as much in developers' interests as those of local communities to have robust guidance in place in relation to noise.

The recently published Climate Action Plan 2023 states that the updated Wind Energy Guidelines (WEGs) will be published in 2024 by the Department of Housing and Local Government. In the interim, FuturEnergy Ireland will endeavour to include implementable measures from the draft 2019 guidelines.

In particular, FuturEnergy Ireland recognises that turbine technologies have changed considerably since 2006 when the last guidelines were adopted.  As such, it is our view that the setback distance of 500 metres proposed in 2006 would not be appropriate for modern turbine technology dimensions. We are therefore proposing to apply a setback distance on this site of 750 metres or 4 times the turbine tip height, whichever is greater.  This would meet or exceed the proposed minimum setback distances in the 2019 draft guidelines and far exceed existing guidance requirements. When the new guidelines are finalised and published, the wind farm design will be adopted where necessary in order to fully comply with the new standard.

The good practice assessment methodology, or ETSU-R-97, has been in use and kept under review by the Institute of Acoustics for over 26 years. This methodology was supplemented by the publication of  'A good practice guide to the application of ETSU-R-97 for the assessment and rating of wind turbine noise' in 2013 following many years of use.

It is noted in the preface section of this document that this good practice guide will also be kept under review. This methodology has the benefit of being tried and tested for many years with input from a broad professional body representing acousticians and taking learnings from real world projects.  As such, we believe that in the absence of new, appropriate and implementable guidance, it is appropriate to continue to work with existing best practice guidance and methodologies that are tried and tested.

In this context, it is important to note that while turbine technologies have changed over time, the physics of noise has not.  That is to say, a decibel noise limit has precisely the same meaning whether it is applied to an old technology or a new technology.

We can confirm that this is a completely separate proposal to our own Knockshanvo wind farm and that we have no involvement or control over this project or the communications issued by the Oatfield project team.

We have contacted Ørsted about the extensive portions of our site that have been included in their study area and they have clarified that this is a study area map and not a site boundary map.

We can confirm that the Oatfield project team do not have landowner permissions to locate turbines within our site boundaries and that they have committed to providing further detail in their upcoming community event.

As part of our project scoping phase, we will consider all submitted, permitted and constructed nearby developments. Ultimately both projects will be submitted independently to planning and adjudicated upon by the planning authorities.

It is possible that either project, both projects or neither project will be consented. It is important to note that the planning process prevents a situation from ever arising whereby both projects, if submitted, would be consented without full and appropriate consideration of the cumulative impacts, including cumulative noise impacts, in compliance with the relevant Wind Energy Guidelines.